Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Luna Programme shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Luna Programme offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Luna Programme at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Luna Programme? Wrong! If the Luna Programme is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Luna Programme then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Luna Programme? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Luna Programme and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Luna Programme wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Luna Programme then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Luna Programme site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Luna Programme, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Luna Programme, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
The
Luna programme (from the Russian word "Luna" meaning "Moon"), occasionally called
Lunik or
Lunnik, was a series of
robotic spacecraft missions sent to the
Moon by the
Soviet Union between
1959 and
1976. Fifteen were successful, each designed as either an
orbiter or lander, and accomplished many firsts in space exploration. They also performed many experiments, studying the Moon's
chemical composition,
gravity,
temperature, and radiation. Twenty-four spacecraft were formally given the Luna designation, although more were launched. Those which failed to reach orbit were not publicly acknowledged at the time and not assigned a Luna number and ones which failed in low Earth orbit were usually given Cosmos designations . Estimated cost of Luna Program was about $4.5 bilion.
Achievements
Luna 1 missed its intended impact with the Moon and became the first spacecraft to fall into orbit around the Sun.
In 1959, the
Luna 2 mission successfully impacted upon the lunar surface, becoming the first man-made object to reach the Moon.
Luna 3 rounded the Moon later that year, and returned the first photographs of its Far side (Moon), which can never be seen from
Earth.
Luna 9 became the first probe to achieve a soft landing on another planetary body (February 1966). It returned five black and white stereoscopic circular panoramas, which were the first close-up shots of the Lunar surface.
Later that year
Luna 10 became the first artificial satellite of the Moon.
Luna 17 and
Luna 21 carried roving vehicles which roamed around on the Moon's terrain (see
Lunokhod programme).
Another major achievement of the Luna programme, with
Luna 16,
Luna 20 and
Luna 24 spacecrafts, was the ability to collect samples of
lunar soil and return them to Earth, by 1970. The program returned 0.326 kg of
Moon rock. The
Luna missions were the first space-exploration sample return missions to rely solely on advanced robotics.
Missions
- Luna 1958A
- Luna 1958B
- Launch failure October 11, 1958
- Lunar impact attempt
- Luna 1958C
- Launch failure December 4, 1958
- Lunar impact attempt
- Luna 1
- Launched January 2, 1959
- Lunar (Impact) Flyby
- Luna 1959A
- Luna 2
- Launched September 12 1959
- Impacted Moon September 14, 1959 at ~07:30:00 UT
- Latitude 29.10 N, Longitude 0.00 - Palus Putredinis
- Luna 3
- Luna 1960A
- Launch failure April 15, 1960
- Lunar flyby attempt
- Luna 1960B
- Launch failure April 19, 1960
- Lunar flyby attempt
- Luna - Sputnik 25
- Launched January 4, 1963 (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after just one day)
- Soft landing attempt
- Luna 1963B
- Launch failure February 3, 1963
- Soft landing attempt
- Luna 4
- Launched April 2, 1963
- Lunar Flyby (Soft landing attempt)
- Luna 1964A
- Launch failure March 21, 1964
- Soft landing attempt
- Luna 1964B
- Luna - Cosmos 60
- Launched March 12, 1965 (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after five days)
- Soft landing attempt
- Luna 1965A
- Luna 5
- Launched May 9, 1965
- Impacted Moon (soft landing attempt) - Sea of Clouds
- Luna 6
- Launched June 8, 1965
- Attempted Lander - Missed Moon
- Luna 7
- Luna 8
- Luna 9
- Launched January 31, 1966
- Landed on Moon February 3, 1966 at 18:44:52 UT
- Latitude 7.08 N, Longitude 295.63 E - Oceanus Procellarum
- Luna - Cosmos 111
- Launched March 1, 1966 (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after two days)
- Lunar orbit attempt
- Luna 10
- Luna 1966A
- Launch failure April 30, 1966
- Lunar Orbiter attempt
- Luna 11
- Luna 12
- Launched October 22, 1966
- Lunar Orbiter
- Luna 13
- Launched December 21, 1966
- Landed on Moon December 24, 1966 at 18:01:00 UT
- Latitude 18.87 N, 297.95 E - Oceanus Procellarum
- Luna 1968A
- Launch failure February 7, 1968
- Lunar Orbiter attempt
- Luna 14
- Luna 1969A
- Launch failure February 19, 1969
- Lunar Rover attempt
- Luna 1969B
- Launch failure April 15, 1969
- Lunar Sample Return attempt
- Luna 1969C
- Launch failure June 14, 1969
- Lunar Sample Return attempt
- Luna 15
- Launched July 13, 1969
- Lunar Orbiter (attempted lander)
- Luna - Cosmos 300
- Launched September 23, 1969
- Lunar Sample Return attempt (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after four days)
- Luna - Cosmos 305
- Launched October 22, 1969
- Lunar Sample Return attempt (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after two days)
- Luna 1970A
- Launch failure February 6, 1970
- Lunar Sample Return attempt
- Luna 1970B
- Luna 16
- Launched September 12, 1970
- Landed on Moon September 20, 1970 at 05:18:00 UT
- Latitude 0.68 S, Longitude 56.30 E - Mare Fecunditatis
- Lunar Sample Return to Earth September 24, 1970
- Luna 17/Lunokhod 1
- Launched November 10, 1970
- Landed on Moon November 17, 1970 at 03:47:00 UT
- Latitude 38.28 N, Longitude 325.00 E - Mare Imbrium
- Lunar Rover - Lunokhod 1
- Luna 18
- Launched September 2, 1971
- Lunar Impact (Lunar Sample Return attempt)
- Latitude 3.57 N, Longitude 50.50 E - Mare Fecunditatis
- Luna 19
- Launched September 28, 1971
- Lunar Orbiter
- Luna 20
- Launched February 14, 1972
- Landed on Moon February 21, 1972 at 19:19:00 UT
- Latitude 3.57 N, Longitude 56.50 E - Mare Fecunditatis
- Lunar Sample Return to Earth February 25, 1972
- Luna 21/Lunokhod 2
- Launched January 8, 1973
- Landed on Moon January 15, 1973 at 23:35:00 UT
- Latitude 25.85 N, Longitude 30.45 E - LeMonnier Crater
- Lunar Rover - Lunokhod 2
- Luna 22
- Launched May 29, 1974
- Lunar Orbiter
- Luna 23
- Launched October 28, 1974
- Lunar Lander (Lunar Sample Return attempt) - Mare Crisium
- Luna 1975A
- Launch failure October 16, 1975
- Lunar Sample Return attempt - Mare Crisium
- Luna 24
- Launched August 9, 1976
- Landed on Moon August 18, 1976 at 02:00:00 UT
- Latitude 12.25 N, Longitude 62.20 E - Mare Crisium
- Lunar Sample Return- Mare Crisium
See also
External links
- Lunar and Planetary Department Moscow University
- Luna Series (USSR) Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- Soviet Lunar Images
- Exploring the Moon: Luna Missions
The
Luna programme (from the Russian word "Luna" meaning "Moon"), occasionally called
Lunik or
Lunnik, was a series of
robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between
1959 and 1976. Fifteen were successful, each designed as either an orbiter or lander, and accomplished many firsts in space exploration. They also performed many experiments, studying the Moon's
chemical composition,
gravity,
temperature, and
radiation. Twenty-four spacecraft were formally given the Luna designation, although more were launched. Those which failed to reach orbit were not publicly acknowledged at the time and not assigned a Luna number and ones which failed in low Earth orbit were usually given Cosmos designations . Estimated cost of Luna Program was about $4.5 bilion.
Achievements
Luna 1 missed its intended impact with the Moon and became the first spacecraft to fall into orbit around the Sun.
In 1959, the
Luna 2 mission successfully impacted upon the
lunar surface, becoming the first man-made object to reach the Moon.
Luna 3 rounded the Moon later that year, and returned the first photographs of its Far side (Moon), which can never be seen from
Earth.
Luna 9 became the first probe to achieve a soft landing on another planetary body (February 1966). It returned five black and white stereoscopic circular panoramas, which were the first close-up shots of the Lunar surface.
Later that year
Luna 10 became the first artificial satellite of the Moon.
Luna 17 and
Luna 21 carried roving vehicles which roamed around on the Moon's terrain (see
Lunokhod programme).
Another major achievement of the Luna programme, with
Luna 16,
Luna 20 and
Luna 24 spacecrafts, was the ability to collect samples of lunar soil and return them to Earth, by 1970. The program returned 0.326 kg of
Moon rock. The
Luna missions were the first space-exploration
sample return missions to rely solely on advanced robotics.
Missions
- Luna 1958A
- Launch failure September 23, 1958
- Lunar impact attempt
- Luna 1958B
- Luna 1958C
- Launch failure December 4, 1958
- Lunar impact attempt
- Luna 1
- Launched January 2, 1959
- Lunar (Impact) Flyby
- Luna 1959A
- Launch failure June 18, 1959
- Lunar impact attempt
- Luna 2
- Launched September 12 1959
- Impacted Moon September 14, 1959 at ~07:30:00 UT
- Latitude 29.10 N, Longitude 0.00 - Palus Putredinis
- Luna 3
- Launched October 4, 1959
- Lunar Flyby
- Luna 1960A
- Launch failure April 15, 1960
- Lunar flyby attempt
- Luna 1960B
- Luna - Sputnik 25
- Launched January 4, 1963 (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after just one day)
- Soft landing attempt
- Luna 1963B
- Launch failure February 3, 1963
- Soft landing attempt
- Luna 4
- Launched April 2, 1963
- Lunar Flyby (Soft landing attempt)
- Luna 1964A
- Launch failure March 21, 1964
- Soft landing attempt
- Luna 1964B
- Luna - Cosmos 60
- Launched March 12, 1965 (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after five days)
- Soft landing attempt
- Luna 1965A
- Luna 5
- Luna 6
- Launched June 8, 1965
- Attempted Lander - Missed Moon
- Luna 7
- Luna 8
- Launched December 3, 1965
- Lunar Impact - Sea of Storms
- Luna 9
- Launched January 31, 1966
- Landed on Moon February 3, 1966 at 18:44:52 UT
- Latitude 7.08 N, Longitude 295.63 E - Oceanus Procellarum
- Luna - Cosmos 111
- Launched March 1, 1966 (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after two days)
- Lunar orbit attempt
- Luna 10
- Luna 1966A
- Luna 11
- Luna 12
- Luna 13
- Launched December 21, 1966
- Landed on Moon December 24, 1966 at 18:01:00 UT
- Latitude 18.87 N, 297.95 E - Oceanus Procellarum
- Luna 1968A
- Luna 14
- Launched April 7, 1968
- Lunar Orbiter
- Luna 1969A
- Launch failure February 19, 1969
- Lunar Rover attempt
- Luna 1969B
- Luna 1969C
- Launch failure June 14, 1969
- Lunar Sample Return attempt
- Luna 15
- Launched July 13, 1969
- Lunar Orbiter (attempted lander)
- Luna - Cosmos 300
- Launched September 23, 1969
- Lunar Sample Return attempt (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after four days)
- Luna - Cosmos 305
- Launched October 22, 1969
- Lunar Sample Return attempt (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after two days)
- Luna 1970A
- Launch failure February 6, 1970
- Lunar Sample Return attempt
- Luna 1970B
- Launch failure February 19, 1970
- Lunar Orbiter attempt
- Luna 16
- Launched September 12, 1970
- Landed on Moon September 20, 1970 at 05:18:00 UT
- Latitude 0.68 S, Longitude 56.30 E - Mare Fecunditatis
- Lunar Sample Return to Earth September 24, 1970
- Luna 17/Lunokhod 1
- Launched November 10, 1970
- Landed on Moon November 17, 1970 at 03:47:00 UT
- Latitude 38.28 N, Longitude 325.00 E - Mare Imbrium
- Lunar Rover - Lunokhod 1
- Luna 18
- Launched September 2, 1971
- Lunar Impact (Lunar Sample Return attempt)
- Latitude 3.57 N, Longitude 50.50 E - Mare Fecunditatis
- Luna 19
- Luna 20
- Launched February 14, 1972
- Landed on Moon February 21, 1972 at 19:19:00 UT
- Latitude 3.57 N, Longitude 56.50 E - Mare Fecunditatis
- Lunar Sample Return to Earth February 25, 1972
- Luna 21/Lunokhod 2
- Launched January 8, 1973
- Landed on Moon January 15, 1973 at 23:35:00 UT
- Latitude 25.85 N, Longitude 30.45 E - LeMonnier Crater
- Lunar Rover - Lunokhod 2
- Luna 22
- Launched May 29, 1974
- Lunar Orbiter
- Luna 23
- Launched October 28, 1974
- Lunar Lander (Lunar Sample Return attempt) - Mare Crisium
- Luna 1975A
- Luna 24
- Launched August 9, 1976
- Landed on Moon August 18, 1976 at 02:00:00 UT
- Latitude 12.25 N, Longitude 62.20 E - Mare Crisium
- Lunar Sample Return- Mare Crisium
See also
External links
- Lunar and Planetary Department Moscow University
- Luna Series (USSR) Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- Soviet Lunar Images
- Exploring the Moon: Luna Missions
Luna programme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Luna programme (from the Russian word "Luna" meaning "Moon"), occasionally called Lunik or Lunnik, was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet ...
Template:Luna programme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Luna_programme "
Luna
Chronology of events in the Soviet Union's lunar programme - 1959-1976. ... Home. Luna Programme. Luna 1. Luna 2. Luna 3. Luna 9. Luna 10. Luna 12. Luna 13. Zond 3. Luna 16
Luna 24
The Soviet Union's final Luna mission collects a soils sample from 2.5 metres below the lunar surface. ... Home. Luna Programme. Luna 1. Luna 2. Luna 3. Luna 9. Luna 10. Luna 12 ...
Category:Luna programme - Wikimedia Commons
Media in category "Luna programme" The following 36 files are in this category, out of 36 total.
Programme Luna - Wikipédia
Le programme Luna est une série de missions spatiales inhabitées envoyées vers la Lune par l’ Union soviétique entre 1959 et 1976. Vingt quatre sondes spatiales firent ...
INEX: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Luna programme)
Table of Contents. 1 See also; The Luna programme was a series of unmanned space mission s sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976.
sampad: Mavin Khoo - Chandra/Luna (2004)
Mavin Khoo - Chandra/Luna (2004) ... sampad presented the world premiere of Chandra/Luna, a new programme embracing ballet and classical Indian dance, with guest choreographies and ...
Luna Park, Lord Berners
Luna Park, Lord Berners, Chester Music Ltd ... Programme Note BRIEF SYNOPSIS In the freak pavilion of Luna Park, a Showman opens a series of booths to display a three-headed man, a ...
Servigroup Papa Luna Hotel Peniscola - Special Internet Rates at ...
Servigroup Papa Luna Hotel Peniscola - discount reservation service. Save up to 60 ... Also, daily music and entertainment programme with lively evening atmosphere are organised ...